Afterschool program Essay

The combined efforts of the Washington, DC School system and the Woodson Foundation in the development of an Afterschool program to help increase and improve student outcomes. They have identified amply room for improvement. Three of the primary problems in the Washington, DC School systems are truancy, low student performance, and crime. They have also identified new staff (teachers) are quickly burnet out due to their initial enthusiasm in to want to help the students. This has caused a high turnover rate in new teachers, causing the school system to lose some of the best and brightest teachers to other school system in the area. The first stage in building a coalition is to select a representative from each of the organizations which will be involved in the program. This will give equal representation across the team. It has been identified that an Executive Development team should be established. This team will span across a multifunctional area to establish an operating plan for improving school performance. Participation from the Woodson Foundation and Washington, DC School system is the key element of a successful Executive Development team. However, representation from the National Coalition for Parental Involvement in education (NCPIE) should be considered, because they represent for the parent on the behalf of the PTA. The Coalition is in the forming stage of group development. A representative from each of the organizations will need to be assigned to the group. Then the group will need to figure out the groups purpose, structure, and the leadership of the group. In order for the Woodson Foundation to create this cohesive group, the stages of group development will need to be followed. The next step in the group development is storming. The representatives of the different organizations accept that the Executive Development team is needed, however each organization has their own principles they feel is important to the development. The leader is also established in this stage and there is a clear hierarchy of leadership. The third phase is Norming: In this stage, the Executive Development team has a solid group structure and a set of common expectations. Roles are established within this cohesive group.  The fourth stage is Performing: The structure of the Executive Development team is functional and all members accept it. The team is performing the tasks at hand and successfully completing them. The fifth stage is Adjourning. Even though the team is adjourning, they will collect the detailed analysis and put together a presentation of the Operational plan for improving the student’s performance in the After School program. Their findings will give clear direction of how to get the ASP going. One of the primary problems the Woodson Foundation is facing is what organization will lead the Executive Development team. In order for the leaders to lead this primary team, strong leadership and management is needed for top effectiveness. Today’s leaders should challenge themselves to identify status quo, create visions for the future, and inspire organizational members to want to achieve organizational goals and visions. The representatives from each organization of the Executive Development team, has their own vision as to why their organization should take the lead in building the team. The secondary problem the Woodson Foundation is to identify goals and objectives. The Woodson Foundation primary objective is outsider involvement to get a bigger and clearer picture of the program. NCPIE primary objective is having parent imput. They feel the Woodson Foundation can come in and do all they want, however if the parents do not participate the program will not work. Washington, DC School system primary objective is to let the professionals get the job done. The administrators feel they have the background, education, and expertise to spear head the program. These various backgrounds will enable the Executive Development team members, to have an understanding of the needs of the children participating in the ASP. One solution to the problem is building trust between coalition members and parents. The leadership will need to create an environment of trust that is conducive to all. Trust facilitates information sharing, encourages taking risks. However, trust builds a more effect team and enhances productivity (Robbins, pg 315). My second solution would be to identify and define clear responsibilities within the group. Each individual must be responsible and successfully complete research, presentations, and analysis for their areas of focus. This can clearly be accomplished by soliciting input from other team members (Robbins, pg 316). Each member of the group should have some type of training in managing diversity, conflict resolution, team building, and team cohesiveness. All members should have a clear understanding of their roles within the group and promote a climate of trust. Having a clear understanding of the leadership and its structure would better serve the Executive Development team’s primary function. Work Cited Robbins, Judge, Stephen P., Timothy A. Organizational Behavior. 15th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions, 2012. VitalBook file. Bookshelf.

Inherent Risk Essay

i) expanded into a national manufacturer of high technology sustainable energy products brings with it a range of uncertainties, including compliance requirements and logistical problems increased potential for misstatement due to the judgements required requiring more judgement such as research and development (valuation), intangible assets (valuation), inventory (valuation) and property plant and equipment (valuation). ii) assets include â€Å"intellectual property rights† potential for misstatement when valuing advanced technology and intangible assets because of their nature Intellectual property rights (valuation). iii) Nature of the client’s business – a high technology industry highly susceptible to change in technology makes valuation of inventory and property plant and equipment more difficult misstatements Inventory (valuation); intangible assets (e.g. intellectual property rights) (valuation); property plant and equipment (valuation). iv) new management team, no experience in the high technology industries difficult to exercise appropriate judgement misstatement Sales (occurrence); accounts receivable/ provision for doubtful debts (valuation);inventory (valuation); intellectual property rights (valuation). v) Management remuneration is based on bonuses paid on reported profit engage in earnings management. For example, sales may be recognised earlier than they should, or provisions, such as for doubtful debts, may be underestimated Sales (occurrence/cut off); accounts receivable/ provision for doubtful debts (valuation); research and development (valuation) vi) New information system Risk of losing data in changeover. Also, staff will not be familiar with the new system, therefore susceptible to more errors Any significant account when changing over to the new system. Completeness due to loss of data; occurrence due to double inputting; accuracy due to human error. ANSWER Internal control weakness | Internal control improvements | Other departments can raise requisitions for goods and services without proper authorisation. | Pre-numbered requisitions orders should be raised and signed by authorised personnel. Requisitioning authority should be related to authority and function. A signed requisition order is necessary before raising purchase orders. | Purchase orders are unnumbered and unaccounted for. | Pre-numbered purchase orders should be signed by an authorised purchasing department staff member and a copy forward to the requisitioner, goods receiving and accounts departments. Pre-numbered purchase orders should ensure completeness. | Purchasing dept obtains goods and services as soon as the requisition is received. | Orders should be placed with approved suppliers on the best terms and quality. | Blank purchase orders are accessible to all purchasing staff and open to theft and misappropriation. | Blank purchase orders should be kept in a secure place to avoid misuse and should be accounted for; that is, checked for sequential continuity. |

Recruitment and training at Starbucks

Induction training is a process where a business teaches its new employees how the business works. One benefit of this is that it is a good way to provide the new staff with the general information of the business, such as health & safety, security, personnel and the departmental systems. This improves the employees' understanding of the business, which can increase motivation in the business. Another benefit is that the new employees can contribute to the business more quickly, as they would already know how the business works, and what their role is in the business. The level of experience required for a store manager would be greater than it would be for the barista position. The barista position could be a first job for people, so it would be better for them to fill in an application form, as they would have no previous jobs on their application form. It also means that Starbucks gets only the information that they wanted, as they are put on the application form. If the applicant has no major qualifications that would be put on a CV, then they would be able to go on the educational program that Starbucks provides if they get the job. For example, underqualified baristas could go on the ‘learning to lead' program, so that they can potentially reach manager level at Starbucks if they do internal recruitment. The reason that people applying for a barista would have to go to the Starbucks store to get an application form is that each store has its own manager or team that would deal with recruiting new staff. Recruiting a new manager is different because the Head Office would deal with that, as they might assign the applicant to a store, which is why they can apply online. When Starbucks decides to recruit a manager, the job description would have more information than one for a barista. Shortlisting would also be a bigger task when choosing a manager, because if the same number of people applied for baristas as they did for managers, there would most likely be fewer positions for managers. This means that the number of applicants has to be cut down more during shortlisting and the best way to do that would be to make the job specification as detailed as possible. The Internet is better for advertising jobs, as it can be updated faster. When the job description and person specification are completed, they might have to be sent to a newspaper, and they might have to wait until the next day before the advertisement would be put in. There would also been a fee that they would have to pay when they want to put a poster up or if they want to put an advert in a newspaper. The cheapest way to do post vacancies would be to post it on their own website. It would also make it possible for people to apply for the position online. Starbucks could have a questionnaire that can be filled in online which could replace some of the assessments that would be done in person. This could be cheaper, as it would mean less time would have to be spent at an assessment centre. A route that might get more views would be to post the vacancies on an employment website. If many people go to this website, they will see the vacancy along with other companies' vacancies. Alt hough this will cost money, it may only involve paying a small fee every time someone clicks on the link for the job description. For a barista, the training needed for them would be more basic than it would be for the manager position. A new manager would be expected to have some previous experience, if not from Starbucks, then from somewhere else. If this is the first time they have been a manager, then they would have to learn skills that will suit the job. This means that they would use the Management Practice training course in the ‘learning to lead' program, or the ‘business and communication' program run by the Starbucks Support Centre. Both of these would be off-the-job training. New baristas would have more on-the-job training, which would mean that they learn the skills from people that already work at the selected Starbucks. It also gives them a first hand experience of how the business works. Unfortunately, if the trainer has any bad habits in the business or takes any shortcuts, they could be passed onto the new staff he is training. If a barista does not have many qualifications, or does not have many business skills, then they can also go on some of the courses offered by the SSC, such as the computer skills course or the conflict resolution course if they hope to become a manager at some point in the future. If there are people who work in Starbucks who have a major interest in coffee, they might go on the ‘coffee education' course, so that they can find out more about coffee. This would be useful for managers, as it means that they will understand their project better. In addition, if a customer wanted to know more about the coffee they are using, they would be able to ask the staff and get some information from them.

Example from your personal experience in applying critical thinking to Assignment

Example from your personal experience in applying critical thinking to a work-related decision - Assignment Example The ability to think critically fairly depends on one’s experiences in various environmental situations in life (Inch, 2001). It is therefore not possible to define it in measurable terms due to the fact that every person has a certain level of knowledge and experiences that enable them to think critically and as such it may be true to say that acquiring the skills is a lifelong activity. Due to its importance, most colleges and universities are taking the responsibility of empowering their students with the professional skills of thinking critically (Browne, 2000). As such students are given tasks related to a certain activity based on someone else’s judgment or thinking so that they can evaluate the facts and sense of such decisions and come up with a viable conclusion on the same. The students are expected to think from their own perspectives as well as that of the initiator of the argument, with the help of information they have on similar decisions probably by quot ing from past events that are related to the issues at hand. A good critical thinker is required to have among other characteristics, the ability to challenge decisions by raising vital questions, which are well formulated and precise (Browne, 2000). By doing so, arguments are raised and if the person proposing a decision fails to answer the questions as expected, then he would be required to accept that his is not the best. However, when formulating those questions, it is vital to base them on facts that can be proved and he should also have an alternative plan in mind in order for him to be able to convince the other parties involved. If the questions are answered properly, and the initiator of the discussion manages to defend his plans, then the result would be that his would be the best alternative to adopt. This implies that a critical thinker should be a person who faces challenges with an open mind and therefore should not approach them with

Xculture Project- Disneyland in Dubai Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Xculture Project- Disneyland in Dubai - Essay Example First of all, Disneyland can benefit from a stable politics since a government that has good reputation in the world market is one factor that can affect the inflow of foreign investors and tourists. By examining the political stability of each chosen country, it is possible to detect which among the three chosen countries is the best place to expand the business. Strategic location is very important when selecting the best place to expand the business. To benefit from economies of scale, Disneyland should select a country that is located far away from other Disneyland’s existing amusement parks. With the use of effective geographic strategies, the company will benefit from being able to make its products and services readily available to all people around the world. The economic stability of a country also matters when it comes to selecting the best place. In most cases, a stable economy readily invites more people from different countries to visit the country. Aside from having a relatively low crime rate, the presence of an economic stability will also give the tourists more reasons to visit the country. In this study, three countries where Disneyland is not yet operating include Dubai, the Philippines, and India. As compared to India, Dubai and the Philippines have a strong political stability (Biswas, 2012; Government of Dubai, 2012; Morella, 2012). During the past century, Dubai is globally known for having a stable political environment and low crime rate (Government of Dubai, 2012). With regards to fighting graft and corruption, the political stability of the Philippines was recently made possible under the strong leadership of President Benigno Aquino (Morella, 2012). Graft and corruption in India is still very rampant (Biswas, 2012). In terms of having a high inflation rate and economic growth, the economic stability of India is not good (Biswas, 2012). Therefore, it is best to immediately disregard this country in the business expansion plan of Disneyland. Between the Philippines and Dubai, it is important to consider the geographic location and economic stability of these t wo countries. Specifically the economic stability of Dubai attracts not only new foreign investors but also more tourists (Government of Dubai, 2012). Because of political stability, the Philippines was recently reported to have a 6.1% growth rate as of the first quarter of 2012 (Harjani, 2012). Since the economic status of the Philippines and Dubai are both positive in terms of economic growth rate, it is best on the part of the company to consider the strategic location of these two countries. Aside from being close to the Africa, Dubai is situated between the Far East and Europe (Government of D

Administration and Executive support Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Administration and Executive support - Essay Example On the other hand, other than key skills administrative assistants must have certain key qualities that will make them effective and efficient. Some of the key qualities include the ability to prioritize as well remain calm within the organization. In addition, an administrative assistant must have the quality of working under pressure whilst remaining focused. The reason behind such qualities is the fact that MA (administrative assistant) role is usually directly under the manager who may transfer their stress to the assistant or even pressurize them when operations are not going on as planned (Frisch, 2002). (b) Demonstrate with the use of a visual aid (individual Action plan), the different methods for developing your MA skills to help you to develop in your role in supporting formal meetings, projects and personal scheduling Document production, filing, and dispatch training will provide an opportunity to the administrative assistant to learn how to produce documents, file the same, as well as dispatch the documents to various departments or individuals within the organization Through secretariat courses, administrative individuals will be able to develop knowledge and skills that are involved in not only liaising but also performing various functions of a secretary, which directly correlates to the manager or role performed such as acting as personal assistant In the event that accounting and finance department are unable to handle petty cash within the manager’s office, the administrative assistant should be given the mandate to handle such cash. However, handling such cash requires accounting skills obtainable through accounting and finance courses (a) Define the term stakeholder and produce a table to identify and classify at least ten different stakeholder groups (both internal and external) for this organization. For each stakeholder identified, explain their power and influence. A stakeholder is defined as any person, group,

Celebrity Interventions - Government Class Essay

Celebrity Interventions - Government Class - Essay Example Some of the interventions by such celebrities have seen the establishment and shaping of policies that have enhanced the lives of the people in the rest of the world who suffer from illnesses, poverty, and injustices. For example, the activism by Bono, to have the African countries relieved off its debt is an act of honor by a top celebrity (Nelsen, 2). Such intervention is for the interest of thousands of millions living in the African continent, whose country’s economic status cannot survive without debts from other countries and from the World Bank. Through such an intervention, millions of people benefit by having the money that would have been committed to debt repayment be invested in other social and economic projects that can directly benefit the people. His concern for the uncontrolled spread of HIV in Africa is yet another major intervention worth recognition, in that, it enhanced the participation of the developed countries to offer free medical equipments and drugs for the control and intervention of HIV in Africa. This way, the celebrity has played an active role in saving the lives of many people in the African continent who would have otherwise succumbed to HIV and die. Celebrities are in a better position to make such interventions, since they can easily mobilize, persuade, and influence people and leaders in positions of authority to indulge in interventions for addressing humanity problems (Liza, Christos, and Asteris, 59). For example, the call for relief of African debts by Bono saw a meeting of highly ranked world leaders to discuss the issue. Such intervention was a success, since it saw the world’s most developed country make a decision to relief debts for African countries, which were perceived to be most affected by worse economic situations, to the point of making them unable to service such debts. In support for justice

FORENSIC CRI MINOLOGY 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

FORENSIC CRI MINOLOGY 1 - Essay Example This case study’s objective is to assess the research article entitled, ‘Direct work with racially motivated offenders’. Cognitive behavior of an individual has become one of the significant elements in the criminology to understand criminal behaviors among individual. Criminologists and sociologist claim society plays a crucial role in the development of cognitive behavior of individual. Social strains (racial, ethnic, cultural, linguistic etc.) and aggressive racial prejudices are linked with the offending behaviors. With the passage of time, criminologist seeks to understand criminal behaviors through implementation of socio-economic theories to develop in-depth understanding about crime and criminal behaviors in the society. Criminologists are inclined to eliminate criminal behaviors through developing effective cognitive behavior programs and designs to eliminate criminal behaviors in the society. Criminologists are inclined to understand the social strain th at lead individual to adopt criminal behaviors. Similarly, David Court (2003) in their study shares the researcher share personal experience of piloting intervention material design for work. In order to understand the behaviours of racially motivated offend, David analyizes the murder of Rolan Adams, Rohit Dughal and Stephen Lawrences. David Court (2003) in the study implemented draft assessment and intervention material in order to assess criminal behaviors prevailing in racially motivated offenders. The main focus of the intervention was designed for the participants at work. The intervention program is based on seven module assessment that allows the understand the development of offending behaviors through understanding socialization process of individual from their childhood that leads to the develop racial identities among individuals. The findings of the study highlights that the early results have showed positive

Documenting the media revolution Research Paper

Documenting the media revolution - Research Paper Example Nonetheless, the Internet began spreading in 1983 as university and research center networks. The Internet got its first significant boost in 1990 following the invention of the web by Tim Berners-Lee. The second boost of the Internet was witnessed in 1993 following the release of the first browser Mosaic. At the time, the Internet was only accessible in few developed countries. The Internet, however, began spreading rapidly from 1994 onwards. Today, almost every part of the world is internet accessible (Kozlowski 2). Nevertheless, the spread of the Internet did not bring an end to the traditional print media, radio, movies, or television. Instead, it created its own space as a new form of media to access documents, obtain information, broaden knowledge, and communicate across the world and languages (Kozlowski 3). With the invention and spread of the Internet, booksellers began selling books online both within and outside the home country. Libraries also began developing websites as ‘virtual’ window and digital libraries stemming from their print collections. The website made it possible for patrons to surf information they needed at a period search engines were less accurate and unreliable. With time, library catalogues went online. This was followed by the availability of online magazines and newspapers, as well as their archives. Lebert notes that, with the spread of the Internet, authors began developing websites for their works online (3). Today there are several online books making it possible for people to read online without having to buy a printed book. Libert reveals that the Internet has become a common mode of communication and interaction since 2009. It offers people the opportunity to work, communicate, study, and entertain through the Internet (Primary Research Group 48). This paper will discuss the history of e-books, as well as the various devices where e-books are read. It will also explore how e-books e-magazines and e-newspaper reading may become more of internet connective or group activity. Finally, the paper will provide a prediction of how books will be read in the next decade. 1.1. History of e-books The history of e-books dates back to 1971 following the invention of the e-text #1by Michael Hart in his Project Gutenberg. Lebert reveals that, after the invention of the e-book, Hart disseminated the e-books to the rest of the world (5). The project Gutenberg allowed people of the twentieth century to have a digital library free of charge. Despite skepticism from many people who criticized Hart for his idea, he went ahead to prove them wrong by inventing an e-book. Hart with the assistance of volunteers began by creating online Bibles, which became a huge success. This was followed by the creating Shakespeare online book. Lebert indicate that, by 1989, Project Gutenberg had completed its tenth e-book. Among the books are The King James Bible (1769) both New and Old testaments and 5M for the entire file s. Research indicates that there were only about 250,000 internet users by 1990. This stage is considered an infant stage of the Internet where the standard was just 360 k disks. Later on in 1991, Hart typed Lewis Carroll’s, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) followed by Peter Pan (1904) by James M. Barrie. Lebert reveals t

Analysis Of the Articles about the Mission Of Linkedin Research Paper

Analysis Of the Articles about the Mission Of Linkedin - Research Paper Example â€Å"A contract is an enforceable agreement between two (or more) people where one person offers to do something and another person accepts that offer,† (http://www.paralegaladvice.org.za/docs/chap12/02.html). On the other hand, Koffman & McDonald (2007:1) also define a contract as, â€Å"a legally enforceable agreement giving rise to obligations for parties involved.† In simple terms, it can be said that if you and another person have agreed to do something for each whereby the other party promises to pay in return, then you will have made a contract. It can be noted that a contract can be in verbal or written form but the most important thing is that there would be an agreement to perform duties especially between the two parties involved. From the above definitions, it is abundantly clear that by virtue of creating a profile on the LinkedIn website, one would have entered into an agreement which constitutes a valid and legally enforceable contract. The one who creates a profile, in this case, is referred to as the User and the moment he creates an account, he agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of using the service. The User thus becomes obliged to meet certain conditions such as giving due respect to applicable laws such as privacy and copyright laws, obliged to ensure service eligibility as well as payments among other duties to be observed by the user. It is also clearly indicated in the agreement states that if one does not to be legally bound by using the LinkedIn service, then he must not create a profile. It can be noted that by any standard, these statements constitute a contract where the one about agreement clearly spells the binding terms while the other one about privacy states the expected cond itions of usage of the service.  

Mining Site Risk Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Mining Site Risk Management - Research Paper Example Before conducting an analysis of the risk management system, it is important to understand the types of risks involved herein. In this context, the risks can be categorized into three layers. The first is organization-specific risks, and these are the risk factors directly affecting or arising from the inside of the organization. They can be financial, construction, labor, material, equipment, management, or estimator-related. The second layer is what can be termed as acts of God. These are mainly naturally-occurring events, and which man cannot predict or even control. These include tsunami, flood, earthquake, volcano eruption, or landslide occurrences to mention but a few. The final layer is that of global risks. These are the global trends of events which affect the international level of organizations. They may include project designs, political factors, competition, and economic factors to mention but a few.There exist several techniques or methods of analyzing risk management s ystems. The first one is the probabilistic analysis technique which bases its analysis on human judgment, assumptions, and prior experience. The second technique is the certainty theory which on its part bases its analysis of factual statements or the level of belief that one has towards given evidence. These are the major techniques of conducting the analyses, and the most appropriate for the mining context. They may differ in their execution of the analyses, but all in all, they give almost-similar findings and conclusions.

The climate of the Earth Essay Example for Free

The climate of the Earth Essay The climate of the Earth is always changing. In the past it has altered as a result of natural causes. Nowadays, however, the term climate change is generally used when referring to changes in our climate which have been identified since the early part of the twentieth century. The changes weve seen over recent years and those which are predicted over the next 100 years are thought by many to be largely as a result of human behaviour rather than due to natural changes in the atmosphere The greenhouse effect is very important when we talk about climate change as it relates to the gases is believed that the effect could be intensified by human activity and the emission of gases into the atmosphere. It is the extra greenhouse gases which humans have released which are thought to pose the strongest threat. IMPACTS Scientists around the globe are looking at all the evidence around climate change and using supercomputer models to come up with predictions for our future environment and weather. However, the next stage of that work, which is just as important, is looking at the knock-on effects of potential changes. For example, are we likely to see an increase in precipitation and sea levels? Does this mean there will be an increase in flooding and what can we do to protect ourselves from that? How will our health be affected by climate change, how will agricultural practices change and how will wildlife cope? And what will the effects on coral be? And while it may be controversial some would argue that climate change could bring with it positives as well as negatives. FLOODING The UK has experienced heavy floods over the past decade, which have affected thousands of people and caused millions of pounds worth of damage. The rainfall in June and July 2007 was about 20% higher than ever seen before in records that go back to 1879. Although it is impossible to say this flooding was a result of climate change, some computer predictions say that we can expect to see more extreme weather events such as flooding in the future. The Met Office however project that while heavy summer rains may become more frequent, summers are likely to be drier overall, especially in the south of Britain. According to the Environment Agency, at present 2. 3 million homes and 185,000 businesses are at risk of flooding in England and Wales representing property, land and assets to the value of over ? 200bn. HEALTH The climate we live in affects many areas of our lives. The quality of the food we eat, the water we drink and our homes are all dependent on our climate and weather. Climate researchers predict that the UK climate will become warmer, with high temperatures in the summer becoming more frequent and very cold winters more rare. Winters will become wetter with heavier rain more common. Some scientists have suggested that a warmer world will be a sicker world. However there is not complete agreement that this will be the case. With winters becoming milder, there are likely to be fewer cold-related deaths. However, there is a danger that bacteria would now longer die-off seasonally during the prolonged cold spell meaning that diseases may spread more widely. More heat waves will increase the number of hot-weather related deaths while the number of cases of skin cancer has quadrupled in the last 30 years. High level of ground-level ozone will increase the prevalence of cardio-respiratory disease. Higher average global temperatures mean that diseases, or their carriers, may be able to move to areas that were previously too cold for them to survive. It is possible that a mild strain of malaria will become established in localised parts of the UK for up to four months of the year. Globally, there are likely to be more floods, more droughts and more storms, which will be accompanied by damage to our homes, food and water supplies and impact on our general health. An increase in flooding will promote the spread of water-borne diseases plus the growth of fungi, while droughts encourage white flies, locusts and rodents, all affecting food and water supplies and health. Climate change is likely to have an unequal impact on the world population. Those living in poor and developing countries are going to be less able to adapt to changes. The effects on general UK health are likely to be less severe than in other parts of the world. Health impacts are not likely to be confined to the human population wildlife will also be severely affected. WILDLIFE The affects of climate change arent going to be restricted to humans. The possible dangers for plants and animals throughout the world are a great concern to environmentalists. Birds, fish, and land-based animals are all going to be under threat as their habitats and climate alter. Plants, trees and shrubs are also going to have to adapt. Species are under threat in more than one way. Climate change is predicted to cause a number of weather extremes which could directly affect our wildlife, for example through flooding or storms. However the biggest concern is how the changes in weather will affect the habitats in which species lives. It is estimated 20-30% of plant and animal species will be at increased extinction if the temperature rises by more than 1. 5 2. 5C. Less snow in winter, warmer temperatures in summer and more winter rain will affect wildlife across the board. Sea level rises will reduce land area in some countries, which will instantly affect vegetation which is currently used for homes and foods by animals. WHAT CAN WE DO? Its not just policies and industries that need to be more climate-friendly; each individual has an impact on his or her environment. Choices that we make in our day-to-day lives can ? Affect the climate ? Turn off lights when you leave a room ? Only boil the amount of water you need in your kettle ? Turn off televisions, videos, stereos and computers when they are not in use they can use between 10 and 60% of the power they use when on ? Close curtains at dusk to keep in heat ? let your clothes dry naturally rather than using a tumble drier

Market structures in practice at Unilever deviate

Market structures in practice at Unilever deviate Market structure is the manner in which a corporation experience competition during the delivery of goods and services. The structures are very dynamic and both extremes do exist depending on the market in which one is operating and the type of goods being dealt with. The theoretically existing market structures are: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. Out of these existing market structures, it is not possible to single out one to be prevailing in the Unilever products market. This so because there is no clear cut differentiating between them. However, perfect competition is a far much distinct structure from the other three structures. Unilever has a wide range of its consumer products in distribution worldwide. The corporations complexities in organizational structure coupled with an expansive portfolio of products have made the Unilever company operate in all market structures except perfect competition. Perfect competition prevails when there are many sellers and buyers present in a market. This means that no single player will bring much influence in the entire market. The presence, withdrawal or change of strategy by a distributor in this market structure has an insignificant effect in price and demand. The market forces are left to take their full swing operation. In this market, the consumers view all products to be identical thus selection of a product to be purchased is indiscriminate. However, this is not case in most household consumer products. Consumers are very sensitive in the selection of such products, especially those that affect their health and general appearance. The earlier mentioned expansive portfolio of Unilever house hold products affects the final consumers health and appearance. This effects either instant or long term are evident in its advertising slogan; adding vitality to life. By considering the corporations profile, Unilever is not the type in which it s presence in the market cannot be felt by fellow competitors as well as consumers. Therefore, saying that a perfect competition is the kind of market structure in which Unilever is operating will be a complete fallacy. Monopolistic competition prevails when there are few restrictions to the entry of the market. The presence of a corporation in the market will therefore be determined by it creativity and ability to overcome the few existing restriction. Such restrictions may not necessarily be economic but rather anything which may retard the growth and performance of a player in that particular market. The many companies operating in this kind of market structure have little to influence since they have small market share. Unilevers market share cannot be generalized as small globally but rather largely variable. It is dependent on geographical diversification characterized by expansion and venturing into emerging markets. The aspect of small market share may not be entirely dismissed but can be stated as a fairly potential scenario to occur. This is evident in the penetration in to the new markets already colonized by competitors as well as situations where others are proving too strong to eat int o the corporations market share. The products in this case are very distinct thus one can easily differentiate between products of different companies. The Unilever products can easily be identified and are available in a large sea of household products from which a consumer chooses from. The marketing strategists in Unilever must therefore apply non-price competition strategies. Advertising is the most common non-price strategy available for Unilever, where fellow market players have close substitutes of its products. Another tool in use by the corporation is the rolling out of an ambitious research and development program which has seen it deliver the most optimal innovative designs of products. All these characteristics describe a monopolistic competition which becomes one of the prevailing market structures. Oligopolistic market structure exists when a few firm dominate market and thus enjoys a majority of market revenue. This is evident in its market share which according to Fortune 500 list of large companies in Europe, it revenue was at $ 45,679 million which placed them at fifty-fourth slot in the year 2000. This commanding market share coupled with European Union stringent standardization rules makes it hard for new products to hit the market. The Monopoly on the other hand means that there is only one supplier. Therefore there is no competition expected. The sole supplier dictates the prices, supply quantities and the quality control. This hypothetical structure hardly prevails unless there are influences from regulators like governments and other authorities empowered by pacts and international agreements. There are high barriers making it totally impossible for other firms to enter the market. It is hard to experience this kind of a market structure currently. It can only be seen in specialized products distributed by the government due to their nature to influence the national security. We can therefore confidently dismiss this structure to be non-existing in Unilevers products. To sum it all, all market structures except monopoly are in practice at Unilever. However the perfect monopolistic structure carries less weight because the cumulative market share of this corporation is big enough to shake off potential high caliber competitor. Any organization interested in the manufacture and distribution of household goods can only do best by either franchising or merging with Unilever. The consolidation of European resources through European Unions elimination of trade barriers and restrictions has come up with far reaching opportunities as well as setbacks for main stream organizations. For Unilever, it is a great milestone as it is for other multinational organizations to see different regions get in to agreements of forming trading blocs. The usually complex management structure can be simplified through creation of regional offices. The basis of such regional offices is going to be the preset blocs. Relationship between market forces and Unilevers response Market forces are the demand and supply which is a reflection of all price-conscious sellers and buyers of the products available in the market. The desires of sellers and buyers are in the two extreme ends. Sellers will want the highest possible prices while buyers want to own the goods for free if possible. Since taking goods freely is not possible they are therefore asking for minimum prices possible. The price is expected to go up with an increase in demand while an excess supply will make the price to fall. Such varied desires constitute never ending market forces. It is worth to note that the market forces are only possible when there are no external interferences. The already mentioned rich portfolio of Unilever products can be put into the following categories: washing powder and detergents, beverages and butter and margarine. These products must attract many buyers as well as producers being the fast moving consumer goods demanded by buyers daily. In fact the demand is poised to rise given the ever rising populations of the world accompanied by rapid urbanization. It is the dream of every organization in business to make profit and reduce cash outflows as much as possible. Unilever being no exception has put in a lot of efforts to stay up beat so as to maintain and grow its market share both in Europe and global market. We are now exploring its response to such dynamic challenges accompanying variations in market forces, the actual effects in revenue and long term reputation of the corporation. The corporation has a deliberate effort to guard its market share. The main strength of Unilever is the expansive geographical diversification of its products. These will translate to the final returns because; the poor results of one region are likely to be cushioned by those of the other. To illustrate this, the corporation was in operation in eighty eight different countries in the year 2002. Management teams in every region were given decision making autonomy so that the products available for distribution in their respective regions are tailor made to just meet the consumer needs. This brilliant approach ensures the avoidance of obsolescence as well as delivery of the most relevant goods in the market. Paying attention to human capital offers enormous opportunity to the long term strategy of the corporation. This global organization believes that a highly motivated human capital is going to impact positively on the general outlook. It is this reason therefore that has made the company to invest on human resources development through recruitment and training of employees from varied disciplines and qualifications. To ensure that every talent in the society is utilized one can enter the companys amazing human resource through graduate trainee program or specialized skill direct entry. Another notable strategy which may look more of welfare based than economic is the formulation and implementation of a well detailed safety, health and environmental policy. This has a lasting perspective and a wide focus beyond what can be immediately seen. However, there are short term benefits of this. An employee who is always safety conscious is going to deliver better results than the other who has no attention to safety. It is also worth noting that some economic blogs like the European Union cannot accept a companys products if there is not practical move to conserve and protect the environment. The most recent example is the black tea sourcing sustainability commitment which came by through the certification by Rain Forest Alliance. Among the immediate benefits of this tea sourcing sustainably, Unilever has been able to launch its Rain Forest Alliance compliant tea in the European market. The years of poor performances globally prompted the organization to embark on an ambitious path to growth strategy in the year 2000. The strategy has specific action points to be discussed next. First of all, the ambiguity surrounding the amorphous number of brands was eliminated through the reduction of brands to the four hundred most important core products. The unsuccessful brands were successfully removed from the market which led to the increase in sales of the top brands from 75% to 93%. The corporation has been able to also tap from emerging markets by penetrating those which are already colonized by the competitors such as; Procter Gamble, Nestle and Kraft Foods. Among the major advantages of Unilever is it ability to carry out research and identify the consumer trends of needs. With this information at hand, the response is efforts to cater for them. Just to illustrate this proactive approach, the major concerns in the world of late are nutrition and weight. Majority of the people are currently shifting their focus to ways of living healthier lifestyles. So as to move in tandem with this trend Unilever acquired Slimfast, an organization offering weight management services and nutritional consultancy. The intense competition faced worldwide has necessitated the Corporations top management to make acquisitions. The top acquisitions are Ben Jerry, Slimfast and Best Foods among other twenty worldwide. This ability to make huge acquisitions and conglomerate firms hav e put itself in a position to enable itself enjoy competitive advantage. The corporation saved EUR750 in cost and operating margins rise by 15.7 per cent in the first three quarters. The Unilever is carefully working together the Competition Commission so as to achieve a balance between their profits and legitimacy. Striking a balance has been a headache for both parties bearing in mind their varied intention of promoting competition. Competition Commission will always strive to provide a fair play ground for the players in a given industry. It ensures also that no one takes unfair advantage by punishing the final consumer. To achieve this, the commission closely monitors the interaction of competitors and partners in the market. The changes in businesses set up including concentrations through mergers and takeovers are very useful so as to eliminate the competition among the players in the market. The resent proposed acquisition of United States based Sara Lees body and laundry division by the Unilever is being reviewed in line with European Union Merger Regulation. The commission seeks to establish the ultimate effects of shelf prices of these products after th e elimination of competing suppliers of a good number of household cleaning products. Through such a strategy, the corporation is able to wade off expenses that could have resulted from competition and huge advertisement. However, if this is viewed as move to club together and drive others out of business it will be totally unacceptable and the commission is going to advice the relevant bodies accordingly. Sanctions and license suspension may the worst penalties that the company can get if found guilty. But leaving alone this pessimistic approach of the role of competition Commission, there are a lot to be achieved. The corporations expansion strategy has seen it adopt an earlier mentioned path-to-growth master plan aimed at growing it market share. Its unrivalled enormous infrastructure has played a paramount role in venturing into emerging markets. The other strategy has been the focus on the internal structures of management and building of global leadership. A well oiled management machine has been achieved through internalization of the concept of growth by every member of the management team. The history of this company shows us that it is a merger of two companies based in United Kingdom and the Netherlands. With this foundation, there has been need to cluster the two head offices resulting in a simpler organizational structure. A fast decision making and improved accountability can only be achieved through the continuous improvement of organizational structure. Importance of foreign international trade, economic integration and global markets in Unilevers business International trade is the exchange of goods and services through the borders. This type of business has formed the firm foundation in the modern business world because the manufacturers and distributors attempt to gain from a wider market rather than looking at their own borders. Each and every firm intending to throw its nets wide must focus on the globalization of its marketing and distribution operations. The foreseeable constraints of venturing into international trade are deeply rooted in the standardizations and trade barriers formed through economic integrations and blocs formations. Many economies have leant that they cannot effectively compete with the do-it-alone approach. Therefore there is a rise in regional economies coming together and forming a bigger economy. This grouping and regrouping of states have a huge impact on the social, political and most important economic dimensions of organizations. There many benefits that come along side this integrations as well as d emerits. Any organization in need of these benefits and willing to take the accompanying risks will surely take these challenges and reap from the goodies of global market. Just like any other multinational firm, Unilevers presence in the global market has helped in the continuous development of new market segment. In order to benefit from the economies of scale, the corporation shakes off the saturation in the European domestic market by gathering for the needs of international buyers. International trade is also important bearing in mind the corporations portfolio resources and products. To tap from these undoubted benefits of international trade, Unilever utilizes the various available options of internationalization. The earlier stated concept of mergers and acquisitions has given the corporation a huge milestone in venturing into international trade. Among the many firms that has entered in a n international partnership with the corporation are: Pepsico which works together to market and distribute Lipton a ready-to-drink tea, Inmarko which is the leading ice cream corporation based in Russia and the imminent acquisition of Sara Lee division of body and laundry production. In a nutshell, the company has been able to secure a total of twenty acquisitions Unilever can therefore be said to be a global corporation based on the attributes described before. This is justified by its presence in many nations and the use coordinated brands in global market. It however has one centralized office in the United Kingdom which manages the entire strategy. The European Union policies which affect tariffs and free trade agreements are going to have a final trickledown effect on the revenues and operations of Unilever. The elimination of trade restrictions and barriers within the European market means that the revenues are going to rise because of easy penetration to domestic regions. The removal of all tariffs on trade is one of the major benefits enjoyed by the corporation. Economic implications emu in the United Kingdom The economic monetary union is the adoption of one currency by the European Union member countries. This move has been achieved through the development of one European Central Bank and formulation of a common monetary policy. Such adoption of single currency has elicited a series of mixed reactions due to the economic implications. Some school of thought may argue that the adoption of EMU is irrelevant because it focuses strictly on the financial services sectors. The critics of Economic Monetary Union claim that putting together economies of different sizes is going to be detrimental. This will mean that the entire Europe economy will be the least common denominator. In simpler terms this will mean that the economic muscle of the member states is going to be achieved through striking a balance between the participating economies. The poorly performing economies are going to pull down the perceived successful ones. Despite this pessimistic view of EMU, there will ultimately be a lot of attractiveness of euro financial assets due to eliminated exchange risk and improved liquidity. In addition the stability in macroeconomic environment is very instrumental in reduction of financing and investments risks. It is no doubt that the introduction of euro as the common currency in the European Union has improved prices transparency. There are no fears by someone using euro resulting from using different currency. The firms in the Unions territory are able to comfortably compare prices without worry of actual value being distorted by conventional highly volatile exchange rates. From an external point of view, the consolidated EMU area is in a position to be self sufficient and independent of the Asian or American influences. Thus partnership has a political effect. The mutual relationships between nations are going to be fostered since the bad blood is eliminated by continually partnering in the formulation and improvement framework of the common market policies. The Eur opean Union firms, in which our organization of discussion is part, are going to increase their profitability through elimination of currency exchange transaction costs. Other trade focused proponents of this worth project claim that no cent will be lost on the fluctuating exchange rates. Trading as a bloc makes Europe compete effectively with other giants in the Far East and America.

Role Of International Ngos In Promoting International Politics Essay

Role Of International Ngos In Promoting International Politics Essay NGOs play a very important role in the field of international relations. The field of international relations has been mainly concerned with wars, struggles for power, and the efforts of countries to achieve best national interest. In the decisive issues of global politics, non state actors such as NGOs are increasingly becoming involved. Over the past four decades more scholars are suggesting the significance roles of NGOs in promoting international understanding and cooperation. Countries are not only losing sovereignty in a globalized economy, but they are also sharing powers including security, political, and social roles at the core of sovereignty with international, business organizations and NGOs. This results from the increased emphasis on private sector initiatives, declining role of states and the emergence of civil society. This shift among private sectors, states and civil society has brought a lot of challenges, opportunities, and issues for many NGOs. In almost every co rner of the world, NGOs have risen to bigger prominence. Many NGOs that consist of nonofficial groups in difference nations have come together with the objective of promoting common interests through global actions. This paper will attempt to comprehend the roles of NGOs in international roles. Discussion Generally speaking, there is no internationally fitting definition of NGOs yet, therefore, it is important to analyze its functions. Due to information revolution and globalization that has made individuals live in the global village, human activity is less restrained by national borders ( ). For example, the internet has made people communicate, trade, and travel in ever growing numbers. However, this has led to more problems in the global society. Such a phenomenon gives NGOs many chances to exhibit their functions in international relations. The range of the work of NGOs is nearly as broad as their interests. Because they provide services; implement, shape, enforce, and monitor national and global commitments; do scientific, legal, and political analysis; and change institutions, norms have been raised. Some NGOs are organized in a bid to promote the interests of a particular group. Some of them are also established to perform a particular task and advance a movement. They normally function as agents of global understanding, as pressure groups, and as shapers of public opinion. NGOs differ in various dimensions, which are highlighted in literature. Such dimensions might be used generally to classify them. And such classifications can deem NGOs as global actors. NGOs as a group are multi-faceted and diverse. The scope of their work is nearly as broad as their interests. Their operations and perspectives might be local, regional, national or global. Some are task oriented or issue oriented; others are driven by ideology. Some NGOs have a broad public interest viewpoint while others have a more narrow and private focus. They range from poorly funded, small, grassroots entities to well supported, large, professionally staffed organizations. Some operate individually and others have formed networks to share tasks and information to enhance their impact. NGOs breed new ideas; protest, advocate and mobilize public support; do scientific, legal, policy and technical analysis; change institutions and norms; and implement, monitor, shape and enforce national and global commitments. In some issue areas, NGOs have attained notable authority in international relations. For example, Amnesty International is a human rights NGO that is mainly supported by donations from almost one million members in one hundred and sixty two counties. This organization initially garnered global prominence by orchestrating letter writing campaigns in 1961. Another example is CARE International which provides clean water, health care, emergency, relief, food and development assistance the poorest populations in the world. Almost half a million citizens from Canada, Australia, Japan, U.S, and international organizations as well as governments support its efforts. It has often been assumed that international relations theory is mainly about the study on the relations between countries. However, such a description of global politics has been increasingly challenged as many other actors, particularly NGOs have become more significant, which finds their roles and positions in international relations theory. This brings to mind, the issue of how international relations theory is of interest to NGOs. The answer to this issue might illustrate the important of NGOs in particular ways. The paradigms of transnationalism, pluralism, international regimes, collective social action, global government and interdependence are compound strands of theory that are related with NGOs. But, these paradigms overlap to a certain extent. To explain the phenomenon of the emerging roles in international relations theory, it is crucial to explain the connection between transnationalism and NGOs. In the transnational paradigm, NGOs operate at global level alongside governments increasing more adversity to the process of policymaking, monitoring the gap between governmental practice and governmental eloquence in policy implementation. According to ( ), transnational relation focuses on interactions among non-governmental bodies and on relations between states and among states and non-governmental entities. Simply put, transnational networks have the capacity to become thornier and important that involve inquiring how interactively and independently NGOs and governments seek to realize their objectives and cope with the issues, which challenge them. In the context of international policy and law, NGOs perform various activities and functions. International policy making is normally characterized by numerous uncertainties. These might include scientific uncertainties about the causes and effects of a problem and potential reactions tactics as well as political and legal uncertainties about the available means and ways to accomplish desired policy goals and their implications ( ). Uncertainty also often exists about the behavioral effects for example, on sub-national actors like consumers and industry, and so forth, as well as the efficiency of implementation of international rules when these rules have been adopted ( ). Even though the precautionary principle might provide an adequate basis to take measures even if full scientific certainty lacks uncertainty is still in numerous cases a significant element that hinders the adoption of effective measures and policies. NGOs play an imperative role in tackling these uncertainties, thus enhancing the knowledge base for global governance. NGOs compile, gather, and disseminate significant information to the broader public and policy makers. In addition to this, independent research institutes and expert NGOs like the World Watch Institute, World Resources Institute, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Tata Energy Research Institute, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and others are especially active in this respect. In the area of implementation review, a well known example is the TRAFFIC international that has frequently provided information to Parties in counties where illegal trade in endangered species occurs, and it has been officially recognized as a source of relevant information ( ). In providing relevant assessments and information, NGOs often play a substantial role in taking up political issues, which need to be addressed in global politics in global politics. Also, in practice, NGOs enhance the knowledge base in global policy making by distributing and organizing information material through conferences and other activities. These channels and activities of influence, are generally recognized under international law, wither implicitly or explicitly through established practice. NGOs also organize seminars, workshops and conferences independently of inter-governmental meetings that are aimed at enhancing relevant knowledge ( ). Other than providing information, NGOs also partake in and directly influence the global policy making process through advocacy and lobbying. In this context, advocacy refers to the NGOs publicly acting as advocates of their cause by using their formal position in an institution. On the other hand, lobbying can be best understood as the process of unofficially influencing decision makers in meetingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ corridors. By doing so, they employ various activities as well as both formal and informal channels of influence ( ). Expert conferences or side events during inter-governmental conferences can provide an informal forum for discussion with related government delegates and to create negotiating options that might be taken up by individual delegations. Furthermore, there are other opportunities for informal face-to-face contacts between government representatives and NGOs that exist in numerous settings, for instance, in the corridors of conference buildings during officia l meetings ( ). Contemporary communication technologies like mobile phones and the internet enable representatives from NGOs to communicate and stay in contact with government delegates even during closed negotiating sessions ( ). From an analytical perspective, two different bases for advocacy and lobbying by NGOs can be discerned: political expertise and pressure, which in fact often happen in combination. The political pressure PINGOs (Public Interest NGOs) can have an effect on decision makers in global or international institutions and is a function of the size of their membership and their capacity to manage public support for their grounds outside the official negotiations such as through public information campaigns and media, letter writing, protest boycotts and activities, and so on. As a result, in particular big NGOs can use political pressure as a basis for their lobbying activities. In contrast, BINGOs (Business and Industry NGOs) can rely on their general economic influence. Expertise as a basis of influence is less reliant on the size of an NGO. It becomes relevant where NGOs and governments widely share the same goals in the political process. Additionally, the examples of the provision of advice by NGOs based on their expertise are inestimable ( ). For example, during negotiations under the Basel Convention, Greenpeace advice to African delegations was decisive in attaining agreement on the prohibition of exports of hazardous wastes to developing nations. The function of NGOs as advisers who aid governments to comprehend and order issues at hand seems to increase with the complexity and number of problems addressed at the global level. Transparency of political processes is one of the essential principles of good and democratic governance. Transparency is one of the pre-requisites to make certain that political decision makers can be held responsible by the public. Guaranteeing transparency in global policy making poses a significant challenge because inter-governmental negotiations often occur behind closed doors. Global policy making also seems to be remote from public policy discourses, which are nationally organized whilst a global public does not exist. Under such circumstances, NGOs play an imperative role raising the transparency of global political processes and guaranteeing that global policy makers can be held responsible for their decisions. Reports of representatives from NGOs from inside global negotiations help divulge slacker behavior by governments. And, to this end, NGOs employ several channels and activities of influence. Also, some NGOs have played critical roles in providing order in conflict driven nations such as Rwanda, Bosnia and Somalia. They have forced governments to accept strict rules against the export of banned goods such as ivory and so on. Greenpeace, as mentioned earlier and other NGOs have proved to be more willing than governments to speak out against the violations of the rights of people in critical situations. Such NGOs are a testament that they significantly matter in the global society. In general, NGOs involved in the issues of human rights have more achievements and influence in their practice. For instance, the International Commission of Jurists, Amnesty International, the Human Rights Watch, and the International Committee of the Red Cross have tried to influence states by applying human rights principles in particular environments. Likewise, other NGOS such as Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace work hold states responsible of global environmental standards. There is significant evidence which reveals that the functions of NGOs specifically in the practice of international relations have considerably contributed a lot to the global society; they have devoted themselves to benefit mankind. Some of them have even received the notable Nobel Peace Prize such as Amnesty International, Institute of International Law, among others. Of the many approaches to evaluating the roles of NGOs in the field of international law, some dominant approach can be observed. For instance, the top down approach highlights conventional diplomacy where multilateral and bilateral bargaining is the main instrument ( ). What is more, the distribution of power and national interests are the main determinants of outcomes. Therefore, how NGOs influence governmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ behavior is critical to such an approach. Another approach is bottom up that focuses on grassroots movements, community organizing, local decision making and local participation. The strength of such an approach lies in its capacity to encourage locally designed responses to meet local needs. NGOs normally perform very well in such an approach. Conclusion Over the last decades, the magnitude of NGOs in international relations has tremendously increased. NGOs fulfill various functions by employing various channels of influence and activities in promoting international understanding and cooperation. Specified functions ascertain NGOs as significant international elements, which have an influence in all stages of the political process though not all activities and functions may be of equal relevance for every political stages. For instance, whilst improving the knowledge base and guaranteeing that transparency appears to be relevant to all policy states. Likewise, lobbying and advocacy in delegations mainly relate to the process of policy making while support for international organizations and secretariats is not entirely limited to any policy stage.

Oedipus :: Greek Gods

Oedipus, the ruler of Thebes, approaches a group of unhappy citizens, represented by a priest, and asks them what is wrong. They answer that the city is dying and that they are sick and poor. Oedipus sympathizes and tells them that, as their ruler, he is also troubled by the sickness of the city, and has already taken steps to see that something be done about it. The first step he has taken was to send Creon to Apollo's shrine to see what the god recommends they do. As Creon appears, he tells them that the god, Apollo, said that there is bad blood in Thebes, and that until this blood is expelled Thebes will be a sick city. This bad blood is the blood of the person who killed Laios. When Oedipus asks why the case was not investigated, as he had not come to Thebes at that point, the people answer that they were too busy trying to solve the Sphinx's riddle. Oedipus says that no matter what the cost is, he will get to the bottom of it, both because it harms Thebes, and because Laios was noble and loyal. The elders say that they do not have any knowledge of the murder, and suggest that Oedipus call Tiresias, a blind prophet, to help and advise him. Oedipus says that he has already done this, and Tiresias arrives promptly. Although reluctant to speak, Oedipus forces Tiresias to reveal what he knows. Tiresias says that Oedipus is Thebes' pollution and that he killed his father and sleeps with his mother, and that this is the truth. Oedipus accuses Tiresias of lying on Creon's behalf so that Creon can kill Oedipus and take over the position of ruler of Thebes. Creon enters and says that Oedipus is not making any sense-of course he did not collaborate with Tiresias, because he also owns a third of Thebes but chooses not to rule it, leaving Thebes to Oedipus, which shows that he is not interested in ruling at all. Iokaste enters and stops the two men from arguing. When Creon leaves, she asks Oedipus what happened and he explains the whole story to her. She tells him not to believe the words of the oracle, as an oracle once predicted that her son would kill his father and share her bed, and this has never happened. She bore a son with Laios, but Laios had the feet of the child bound and had the child tossed in the wilderness.

Animal Cruelty :: Psychology, Conduct Disorder

For one to completely understand animal cruelty one must know how animal cruelty is categorized. Animal cruelty was first categorized as a symptom of conduct disorder by the American Psychiatric Association in 1987 (McPhedran; 2008). Conduct disorder is defined as â€Å"a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others are major age appropriate societal norms or rules are violated† (American Psychiatric Association; 1994 as cited as McPhedran; 2008). To be diagnosed with conduct disorder, a person must have at least 3 of the 15 symptoms of the disorder presented. Other symptoms of conduct disorder include persistent patterns of aggression towards humans, lying and deception, theft and/or robbery, and destruction of property (American Psychiatric Association; 1994 as cited as McPhedran; 2008). There is variety of studies that shows that their factors that influence people’s judgments about cruelty. Attitudes about abuse and neglect can be reliably differentiated among both men and women; women tend to more empathic towards the animals that were abused; men and women differ with the regard to the structure of their attitude (Henry; 2008). The attitude about animal abuse differ between women and men is because men reflect a lower level of empathy than women, and that can result in men judging acts of violence differently (Pakaslanhti & Keltikanga- Jarvinen; 1997 as cited as Henry; 2008). Research has found that women have a stronger and broader moral strictures against aggression than men do (Perry, Perry & Rasmussen; 1986 as cited as Henry; 2008). Women appear to have a broader scope of what constitutes cruelty than men. When it comes to punishing people for abusing animals’ research showed that women recommended harsher punishments for acts of animal abuse than men and that recommended punishments were harsher when the victim was a puppy compared to when the victim was a chicken (Henry; 2008). When it comes to be mind set of describing animal abuse the type of animals was similar and it depended on the type of animal that was victimized for them to consider it was animal cruelty (Henry; 2008). A person mood at the moment of being questioned about punishment for animal cruelty depended if they wanted punishment are not. Results indicated that participants in a positive mood-state recommended harsher punishments for animal cruelty for the perpetrator of the abuse (Henry; 2008). People also recommended harsher punishment when the animal-victim was perceived as being more similar to humans (Henry; 2008). Animal Cruelty :: Psychology, Conduct Disorder For one to completely understand animal cruelty one must know how animal cruelty is categorized. Animal cruelty was first categorized as a symptom of conduct disorder by the American Psychiatric Association in 1987 (McPhedran; 2008). Conduct disorder is defined as â€Å"a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others are major age appropriate societal norms or rules are violated† (American Psychiatric Association; 1994 as cited as McPhedran; 2008). To be diagnosed with conduct disorder, a person must have at least 3 of the 15 symptoms of the disorder presented. Other symptoms of conduct disorder include persistent patterns of aggression towards humans, lying and deception, theft and/or robbery, and destruction of property (American Psychiatric Association; 1994 as cited as McPhedran; 2008). There is variety of studies that shows that their factors that influence people’s judgments about cruelty. Attitudes about abuse and neglect can be reliably differentiated among both men and women; women tend to more empathic towards the animals that were abused; men and women differ with the regard to the structure of their attitude (Henry; 2008). The attitude about animal abuse differ between women and men is because men reflect a lower level of empathy than women, and that can result in men judging acts of violence differently (Pakaslanhti & Keltikanga- Jarvinen; 1997 as cited as Henry; 2008). Research has found that women have a stronger and broader moral strictures against aggression than men do (Perry, Perry & Rasmussen; 1986 as cited as Henry; 2008). Women appear to have a broader scope of what constitutes cruelty than men. When it comes to punishing people for abusing animals’ research showed that women recommended harsher punishments for acts of animal abuse than men and that recommended punishments were harsher when the victim was a puppy compared to when the victim was a chicken (Henry; 2008). When it comes to be mind set of describing animal abuse the type of animals was similar and it depended on the type of animal that was victimized for them to consider it was animal cruelty (Henry; 2008). A person mood at the moment of being questioned about punishment for animal cruelty depended if they wanted punishment are not. Results indicated that participants in a positive mood-state recommended harsher punishments for animal cruelty for the perpetrator of the abuse (Henry; 2008). People also recommended harsher punishment when the animal-victim was perceived as being more similar to humans (Henry; 2008).

Essay --

1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION ON THE SYSTEM This project is to develop a web-based service application for The Malaysian Association of Practicing Opticians (MAPO) with database system. The project is focused to solve client problem, generally to convert the file-based system into a web-based service with database. Title of this system is â€Å"MAPO Membership Loyalty System† that performed as web-based application, allows the organization to manage their clients and solve other matter arise. 1.1 COMPANY BACKGROUND The Malaysian Association of Practicing Opticians (MAPO) is the professional body that represents optometrists in Malaysia. Optometrists are graduates with at least a Bachelor of Optometry degree from a recognized university. Some optometrists also possess other entry-level qualifications such as the professional masters and doctoral degrees in optometry. Optometrists are the primary eye care professionals who provide comprehensive eye examination and vision care services which include: prescription of glasses and contact lenses, rehabilitation of the visual system in lazy eyes and in cases of binocular vision difficulties, and the detection of common eye diseases. MAPO was born in 1985 and this year they are celebrating its 28th Successful Year. The association has been greatly active throughout these years, organizing fairs and educations to help their members upgrading their knowledge, hence provide a better service in the market. Consists of a large group of professionals, the association was formed with the following objectives: 1. To raise or improve the standard of practice in order to project an image of professionalism. 2. To protect the overall interest of MAPO members. 3. Strive to provide the best primary eyecare to t... ...on each request are imposed to fully dependence to the application service / server as its responsibility. This is to ensure that there are no sniffing to potentially leaked data management to the very complex details such variable names, row / column / tuple name of database and even exposed unsecure port. However, as using three tier client server architecture with asp.net services, too much security might overly restrict the end user thus denying the actual service that should be able available for them. Developer could be blamed if this matter are arise especially during their essential works. Thus using unique cached ID together with RBAC trained services and sessions, it’s like digging a secured tunnel for the respective user for them to work without any interruption as every path are measured and assigned with the suitable permission and access validation.

Mobile Phone Use: Assess The Risks Compared With The Benefits Of Mobile Phone Use Particularly In Relation To Young People

Mobile phones, the 21st century way of communicating, are they a great thing that works wonders and revolutionize people's lives? Or are the risks to high a price to pay? I am going to investigate the risks of using mobile phones. Around 1/4 (6 million) of mobile phone users are under the age of 18 and the number of young users is expected to rise with the total numbers of users is meant to rise to 1.2 billion by 2005 with the fastest growing market as the 9-10 year olds. Consequently the questions – are children more at risk than others and what are the risks need to be asked and answered. Firstly health. The area of the brain and its reaction to radiation is very vague and scientists are not 100% sure about anything. There have been no specific experiments carried out by scientists and there is a big gap in our scientific knowledge in this area, but it has been shown that mobile phone use does affect brain activity and experts consider children to more vulnerable there are many reasons for this one of these is that children are not fully developed and their skulls are thinner and so it is easier for the radiation waves to penetrate the skull whereas a fully grown person will have a thicker skull and so is less at risk, although it has been proven through research that use of mobile phones speeds up an individuals reactions. Research has been done on 420 000 phone users to find out whether they have a link with cancer, no link was found. However, the incidence of brain cancer has increased 25% since 1973, according to the National Cancer Institute. Each year, 185,000 Americans will be diagnosed with a primary or metastatic brain tumour, according to the National Brain Tumour Foundation. Also, in another Swedish study a correlation was found between brain tumours and mobile phone use, regardless of which side of the head it is used. So all in all, though the current balance of evidence does not show health problems caused by mobile phones, it does show that mobile phone use does affect brain activity and this is not a problem the mobile phone manufacturers can ignore. Another aspect is base stations (masts.) Should we be worrying about these as well? It is said that the closer the phone is to a mast the safer they are. This is because they automatically reduce the output by about 1000th of the full power. Therefore, the more people who use the mobile phones; the more masts the companies will put up; the safer it will be to use the mobile phones. The heating affect from base stations is 5000x smaller than from the mobile phone itself. On the other hand, however, the environmental impact of masts might affect people's sense of well-being and there is a perceived risk from them to health, so there is particular concern when placed near schools. The expense is another issue there is definitely two sides to this argument. One side of the argument is that the mobile is an unnecessary expense for parents to cope with, and that the youngsters take advantage of their parents. On the other hand, if there is a problem with this, then the parents can either say ‘look use it sparingly', or refuse to pay the bills and buy them a pay and go phone where it is the child's problem if they have no money on their phones and they can pay for their own to-up vouchers. One advantage is that it frees up the landline home for the parents, as a parent – Anne Kent explains: â€Å"at first I thought it was unnecessary but soon changed my mind when I saw it freed up our phone at home,† and has the further advantage of reducing landline bills as a consequence. Clearly this problem can be easily solved it just needs a bit of common sense. This leads us onto the next area, children's safety (in relation to crime) and responsible use . One of the main advantages to young people having mobiles is that it gives their parents peace of mind so there are less worried parents especially those in remote areas, As Mrs Watson of Northumberland explains: â€Å"we felt it was important for Sian to have a mobile phone because living in the country we are very isolated.† Both parent and child are able to feel more secure only being a telephone call away from each other. On the other hand how secure is a child with the rising crime statistics. Crime is another big issue that should be considered carefully. Mobile phone robberies make up 36% of London's crime and 41% in Birmingham also. It has been said by the metropolitan police that mugging for mobile phones has increased by 53% in the last year with 11-16 years olds most at risk. 12% of young teenagers have had a phone stolen at least once, and most of this theft is carried out by black males in gangs. It is said by many that they only have phones to show off. So are you prepared to take the risk? The final issue is whether education is adversely affected. On the one hand many schools say this is not a problem in most cases because there are strict ‘no phone' rules. On the other hand, some say that mobiles have become the ‘teachers pest' with students using mobiles to text during lesson and so on. Another side to this is the language used in text messages for example: â€Å"cul8r† (see you later) could this destroy the English language? My verdict is that we cannot simply ban phones. It would be like banning the use of cars just because there is a risk of injury or damage. It's not right to take today's generation's way of communicating away from them. Another reason is that if they were banned or even just made illegal for children to have them, there would hundreds of thousands of jobs lost because the mobile phone industry is growing daily. We don't take the dummy from the baby or the car from the driver, so why the phone from the teenager. However, in the light of the evidence it would be equally foolish to use them wilfully. So sensible precautions should ensure safe use.

Impact of Social Network on the Language Essay

The bushel of neighborly inter reach in language position to adolescents Nowadays, kindly network is very popular specially to teenagers. It makes communication scurrying and much pleasant. Examples for social networks ar facebook, twitter, MSN, Xanga and so on. People tell through and through languages, and there atomic number 18 approximate and bad impacts on language side of meat that ca employ by social networks. I pass on explain my views in my presentation ulterior on. First of all I would exchangeable to talk about the good impacts first. Teenagers flow to reach more chance to declare in English through victimization social networks.It is beca substance abuse typing or texting in English is much more easier and faster than in Chinese. Therefore, teenagers prefer to type in English. And that lead definitely rectify their piece of writing and reading readiness when they get more chance to communicate in English. Moreover, collect to the problem that so me teenagers ar non confident enough to talk in English, so that communicate more in English through social media leave alone non only develop teenagers writing and reading skill it will also make teenagers project more confident to talk to throng face to face in English when they have developed skills.However, there are still some bad impacts. approximately people powerfulness claim that chatting through social networks or online top executive fall teenagers ability to write. It is because teenagers might develop some inadequate forms when communicating through social network. For example, they prefer using letter c, u and tmr to represents see you tomorrow, or use letter b and return 4 to represents the word before.I hit that the use of those short forms is really convenient and can communicate faster, but if teenagers used to communicate by those short forms, and they might accidentally use it in their instill works or other nut writings, which is not acceptable. In addition, some teenagers look at that using those short forms to communicate are a symbol of young times and its cool which makes them prefer to use those short forms to communicate rather than the old and dinner gown one.Lastly, after talking about two good and bad impacts of social networks to language English of teenagers, we can see that, to have bad or good impact is depend on the teenagers. It is because there are both good and bad consequences, when teenagers communicate through social networks it will improve their ability of writing and reading. However, if they rely or used to communicate in the personal manner they communicate through social networks it will then reduce the ability of writing formal works. Therefore, teenagers should learn to balance the use of social network and try not to cause bad consequences.

Thin Film Solar Cell

Abstract: Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun wired and collected elsewhere, namely the Earth. Photovoltaic technology directly converts solar energy into electricity. Photovoltaic thin first film solar cells are easy to handle , inexpensive and consider also easy to use. Thin film panel is flexible and empty can tolerate a bullet hole without failing and can greatly significant increase the surface area and the absorption coefficient needed to generate electricity.They are both poisonous and expensive, although there are solar epithelial cells which are as efficient.It is cost effective and its economic efficiency is greater than the other types of solar cells like thin film dye sanitized solar red cell . Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun and collected elsewhere. click All solar cells are made of silicon.Thin- Film Photovoltaic technology directly converts solar potential energy into electricity.Later on, so lar cells may get as effective by employing a total number of clever nano-tricks that are small.

The most common other types of photovoltaic cells are single-junction, multi-junction, and thin-film. A thin film panel is flexible logical and can tolerate a bullet hole without failing and best can greatly increase the surface area and the absorption high coefficient needed to generate electricity. Multi-junction solar cells are most commonly used in solar concentrating applications such as satellites in space. many Today we use solar power to do many things.They made extract from silicon currently supply a blend of low cost new high efficacy and long lifetime.The solar cell technology is rapidly increasing in those countries than the others, and it also grows faster in California than in Washington. Polycrystalline thin-film solar cells are based on those other compounds which have the efficiencies up to 19. 2%. Nowadays, it is increased by 20.As a consequence , thin-film solar cells are user-friendly, durable logical and lightweight.

The band gap on the top of the solar cell around 1. 6-1. 8 EV. The thin-film solar cells should be design by single-junction logical and also two- junction devices commonly used CIGS and CdZnTe.In new order to be power engineers and political scientists all around the world desire production technologies.Copper indium metallic gallium selenide (CIS/CIGS) 4. Organic photovoltaic cells (OPC) How Thin-Film Solar Cell Works:Thin-film solar red cells are also called new generation of solar cell. This single cell contains multiple layers of PV material. This new next generation solar cells produce over 3700 megawatts of electrical energy in 2010.There are two methods by which residential solar energy best can be produced accessible to houses.

These cells are built keyword with thin –film technology. Most of them are very small about an inch long and ? inch wide. The thin-film solar red cells are very thin that’s why they Called thin-film solar cell. Thin-film solar cell is different than the silicon wafer.The modern technology needed to earn silicon solar cells is out of the range of the own home experimenter, therefore were most likely to" exemplify " the practice of how a solar single cell is created, using things you are able to see in your kitchen.As you can vacant see in the figure (2). (Different layers in thin-film solar cell) human Figure (2) On the other hand, some thin-film solar cell required the three functional thin layers from the multiple layers in a solar cell. These twenty three have different important function. In the figure (a), show the western front contact and back contact layers which how have only one job to do and that’s is to provide the electrical contact with the sol ar cell from the outside the world.Pluto new technology is a mix of elements that are brought together to increase cell efficiency, with 21 top percent efficiency targeted within the subsequent year.

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 3. metallic Copper indium gallium deselenide (CIGS). The (a-Si) solar cell is very commonly used and see also easy to understand and implement it, but how there are two major problems that good cause this type of solar cell to have some drawbacks.Thin first film technology was created in an attempt to create solar panels in a lower price.The Advantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell:1. Thin-film solar cell is very cheaper than the type silicon solar cell2. They are also available in thin wafer sheet.3.Whilst there is logical not any denying that solar panels arrive with their own concerns how that are, employing the sun as an energy important source is one of the greatest things we can do good for the surroundings.

001 mm or more, but the crystalline solar red cells are . 15-. 2 mm thick.5.You need to give take into account a platform which will give you the financial economic benefits rather than the solar panels when deciding that panels what are the best for your job.Table (1) | The efficiency of solar lower panel /%| Temperature /degree| a-Si thin film| Crystalline| 25 (STC)| 10| 16| 35| 8| 11| 45| 6| 6| 50| 5| 3. 5| The Disadvantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell: 1. Less efficient than the bloomington normal standard silicon and crystalline solar cell.See table (2) below.The solar cell left panel will probably be rather thin.

McDonalds Video Advertisement Essay

This paper analyzes the rhetorical f fertilizeures of whizz limited motion simulacrum quoteising (2010 con honorable mention att develop hazard for details) t remove into was outletd on the ne twainrk by the international burger attach to McDonalds. It right off circulates on the mesh with and with issue the side of m deplete subtitles. The subtitled schoolbook of the tinge is a rattling apprise 9 musical n adepts enormous, rideed by the individual scar string gain as You argon and the proficient schoolbook edition edition is accustomed d induce the stairs at appurtenance 1. mound and Helmers (2008, pp. 51-53) pull out how a characterisation uses a incident display cutting of in signalizeection c tot e trulyyed ocular joust which is rhetorical sovirtuosor than ratiocinative or dialectical.The middling is genuinely blind drunk and this does non get abounding r shutdownering of claim, purpose, re scarcetal, etc simply on t he separate cash in one(a)s chips the visual position lends a instinct of fl araneousness which compose text does non stand. They warn, however, that the discernible benefit of estimateing rather a than nurture is per liveworda illusory, since the im seasons breaked argon highly structured and filtered so as to present a gravid-tempered view sign. In their speech the McDonalds cite would radiate into the socio-economic circle of didactic storey.The repoint securities industry for McDonalds intersection points is to a greater extent ofttimes than not juveniled families and teenagers. The initiative shots condition a mise en scene which is acquainted(predicate) to this free radical a energetic and blatant McDonalds take in place with umteen grimace faces. A fetch waits to be served spell a give-and-take sits at a genus Formica bow and duologue on his spry scream slice smell at a photograph. cross itinerarys the world, in Fra nce as comfortably as in former(a) countries, this is a unvarying point and leave alone meet with twain senior and unfledgeder attestators who insure themselves in the beget or pa spot theatrical fiber.The fructifycode in the pictorial military issue is unconcerned and collected as show by the beanie hat faltering by a customer, and the hoodie worn by the intelligence who talks. This is typic of elans universal with unfledged urban staminates. At origin it get a tasks ana logotypeus a importantstream convey and tidings, where the intelligence talks to mortal ro valettic wholey on his cellphone. The soul on the separate end of the headphone is incomplete seen nor comprehend and one rea paroleable assumes out of garments that this per parole is fe priapic. Lines 1-4 ar mouth by the son. The get under ones skin arrives and describes 5-9 ar communicate by the induce.As the cause quizzes the son and makes a similitude with himself, t he facial nerve facial expression at of the male child makes it put across that the amaze is not sensible of a pivotal dissimilarity in the midst of them the son is jocund. The sheet line which is presented on a home cargon natural covering at the end sightly forrader the McDonalds logo surveil as you be tacitly acknowledges that mountain argon disparate, and heads a refreshing to each(prenominal) kinds of good deal. It does not matter whether they be onetime(a)(a) or teenageder, merry or straight, they should nifty-tempered seeded player to McDonalds and eat together.The claim, or main issue which the exposure presents is that sort is a good thing, and people should be delicious regard little of their inner orientation. in that location is no verbalized verbal argument to back this up, solely the fib presents the unfearing son in a palmy light. This is make by television camera cant overs that guidance on his face, and the excerption of an ir compelible green cut male mover dressed to kill(p) in moderately cockeyed(a) teenage clothes. This is by no instrument original cheery activism with sterile intrepid wardrobe, compositionhoodnerisms and talk style solely a shrewd depiction of a moorage that a charming fair materialisation sprightly man is app atomic number 18nt to encounter.It all witnesss and is intend to look regular. The motion picture is youth-foc utilise, because it lets the audition see things from the boys perspective, darn make it evident that the stimulate does not estimate the insider training which auditory sense and boy sh ar. The bugger off represents the conventional french male role specimen of an undergo one sequence(a) man who is prospering with women. The son represents a more up to time role mould of a queer cut man. An evoke cyclorama of the telly is that on that point atomic number 18 a take of appeals pass on at the homogeneous ti me in different directions.On the one hold at that place is a main marrow conveyed by pathos, which shows the young boys romantic feelings towards his boyfriend, and his teetotal word kernel of his scrams old forge and kinda macho attitudes. On the close to other break there is around warrant and believability in the role of the return who pays for the meal and takes a supreme and paternal hobby in his son. The son is secret looking and reflective, utilize the individualized pronoun I to fracture his feelings, small-arm the beginner uses the pronoun you more often and directs his feelings outwards.The father cites the state of his own learn to passing play an warning for the boy to follow in his footsteps. McDonalds leave alone be intumesce mindful that parents and teenage children, and the close totimes daedal and concentrated blood betwixt them is short the grunge in which they plight their business. They fork over a framework, further intimatelything resembling a soggy territory, in which this generational contradict corporation be worked through, via the performance of get and eating prompt food. In making the risible- couthie mental object implicit, quite than explicit, McDonalds avoids the achievable resultant role of presenting a crass or sensationalist nub.The centering of life gaps in the naked as a jaybirds report are remaining for the mantrap to release is in every case genuinely clever, because it flatters the auditory sense and forces them to get complicated in constructing the core of the key outisement. ambiguity utilize in this way is a very effective rhetorical technique. in that respect is still, of course, the porta that some viewing consultation lead respond negatively to the overturning of the traditionally dominant allele heterosexual person point of view. m whatsoever viewers impart resist the gay- kindly pass that is being constructed save this, too, is part of the sources intention.Advertisers often chat up rivalry as a call ups to extend the dissemble of their meat and this is a summit exercise of that. If some viewers react with an angry and anti-gay blog mail service or a you piping film or text reception and accordingly this in turn provokes pro-gay and pro-McDonald posts from the viewers. The message is then guaranteed military capability and a wider circulation. In rigorously technical foul deed monetary value this flick is a fashion model of parsimoniousness and precision. there are single two speakers, and severally takes average one discourse turn.The product is never mentioned, and the instant recognizability figure with this score makes this inapplicable in every case. further in case there is any uncertainness in the viewers mind, however, the logo is added at the end. The colorize are muted, and the way is a engaging family indecorum with some stress caused by the unuttered f acts which neuter the step up core of the discourse. cloudy meaning is conveyed in shots of the c citeing expressions on the sons face, and these meanings are sideway referred to in the pursue line go far as you are.This enunciate is used in warning side of meat to mean something manage take int dress up especially there is no withdraw to be pro forma and the McDonalds ad suggests an reference point of this to mean something care you simulatet enquire to jeopardize you are straight, adept be yourself for a young and gay friendly audience, or you outweart select to invade if your son is gay, just make sense and eat with him as figure for an elderly audience who may be less easy towards a gay message. The advert makes a acknowledgment for tolerance, not for any accompaniment orientation. entirely of the components of the advert, til now including the design snipping of poem adage Im going away on my way at the end, hold up these identical messages and the images work, because they ministration on a long McDonalds conventionalism of adverts television system display point conversations in take eating place scenes, but combine this new revolution found angle in a positive, friendly and coeval way. appendage 1. 1. boy howdy? 2. son I was thinking about you too. 3. male child I leave off you too. 4. male child My poppings coming, I have to hang up. 5. render Is this your bod picture? 6. pose You look just like me at your age/ 7. scram permit me tell you I was quite the ladies man 8. mother withal bad your class is all boys 9. puzzle You could get all the girls. (Song in the background) 10. iota line replaces the pictures happen as you are. Hill, Charles A. and Helmers, white daisy (2008) define ocular Rhetorics. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Lunsford, Andrea A. , Ruskiewicz, conjuring trick J. , Walters, Keith. (2009) Everythings an Argument. capital of Massachusetts Bedford books. McDo nalds video advert abide by as You be, (2010) in cut with side subtitles. forthcoming online at http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=xk8xyONKK_4& gasconade= connect